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GLOSSARY OF TERMS

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z


A
Abnormal operating conditions
Environmental conditions that are unfavorable, harmful, or detrimental to or for the operation of a hoist, such as excessively high or low ambient temperatures, exposure to weather, corrosive fumes, dust laden or moisture laden atmospheres, and hazardous locations.
Adjustable screw limit switches (internal)
An electro-mechanical device that can be adjusted to stop chain travel at predetermined positions on electric hoists.
Air balancer
A solution for precise positioning or repetitive transferring of loads as heavy as 500 pounds. With up to 8" (up or down) of float, the operator can position the load easily and precisely by hand. Perfect for palletizing, fabricating, stacking and pick and placement of load and unload.
Appointed
Assigned specific responsibilities by the employer or the employer's representative.
ASME
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Authorized
Appointed by a duly constituted administrative or regulatory authority.

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B
Beams
Structural steel shapes usually of W or S configuration used to support loads.
Brake
A device, other than a motor, used for retarding or stopping motion by friction or power means.
Brake, mechanical load
An automatic type of friction brake used for controlling loads in a lowering direction. This unidirectional device requires torque from the motor or hand chain wheel to lower a load but does not impose any additional load on the motor or hand chain wheel when lifting a load.
Braking, dynamic
A method of controlling speed by using the motor as a generator, with the energy being dissipated by resistance.
Braking, eddy current
A method of controlling or reducing speed by means of an energy induction load brake.
Braking, mechanical
A method of controlling or reducing speed by friction.
Braking, pneumatic
A method of controlling or powering a drive or brake by means of a compressed gas.
Braking, regenerative
A method of controlling speed in which the electrical energy generated by the motor is fed back into the power system.
Bridge
That part of an overhead crane, consisting of one girder, trucks and, if applicable, drive mechanism, which carries the trolley or trolleys.
Bridge girder
A crane member of which carriers or trolleys travel horizontally, mounted between and supported by the end trucks.
Bridge travel
The crane movement in a direction parallel to the crane runway.
Bumper
A device for reducing impact when a moving crane or trolley reaches the end of its permitted travel, or when two moving cranes or trolleys come into contact. This device may be attached to the bridge, trolley or runway stop.

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C
Chain container
A vessel attached to the hoist to store chain not being used to support the load.
Chain, hand
The chain grasped by a person to apply force required for the lifting or lowering motion.
Chain, load
The load-bearing chain in a hoist.
Chain, roller
A series of alternately assembled roller links and pin links in which the pins articulate inside the bushings and the rollers are free to turn on the bushings. Pins and bushings are press fit in their respective link plates.
Chain stripper
A mechanical guide that helps load chain free itself from the liftwheel.
Chain, welded link
A chain consisting of a series of interwoven links formed and welded.
Clearance
The distance from any part of the crane to the nearest obstruction.
CMAA
Crane Manufacturers Association of America, a product section of the Material Handling Institute.
Collectors, current
Contacting devices for conducting current from runway or bridge conductors.
Conductors, runway (main)
The electrical conductors located along a crane runway that transmit control signals and power to the crane.
 
Conductors, bridge
The electrical conductors located along the bridge structure of the crane that transmit control signals and power to the trolley(s).
Control panel
An assembly of components (magnetic, static, hydraulic, pneumatic, etc.) which governs the flow of power to or from a motor or other equipment in response to signals from a master switch, push button station, remote control, automatic program control, etc.
Control voltage
The operating voltage of a hoist's control circuit. Usually 12, 24, 48 or 110 volts.
Cord reels
Electrification/CM cord reels permit free reverse winding without damage to spring motor and unique strain relief.
Crane
A machine for lifting and lowering a load, and moving it horizontally. Cranes, whether fixed or mobile, are driven manually, by power, or by a combination of both.
Crane, cantilever gantry
A gantry or semigantry crane in which the bridge girders or trusses extend transversely beyond the crane runway on one or both sides.
Crane components
End trucks, drive reducers, motors, controls and instructions provided by a hoist manufacturer that enable a crane builder to fabricate single and double girder top and under-running cranes. (The bridge girder(s) connecting steel, electrification, fabrication, assembly and wiring of the crane are done locally by the crane builder.)
Crane, floor operated
A crane that is controlled by a means suspended from the crane, operated by a person on the floor or on an independent platform.
Crane, gantry
A crane similar to an overhead crane, except that the bridge for carrying the trolley or trolleys is rigidly supported on two or more legs running on fixed rails or other runway.
Crane, manually operated
A crane whose hoist mechanism is drive by pulling an endless chain or whose travel mechanism is driven in the same manner or by manually moving the load.
Crane, overhead
A crane with a movable bridge carrying a movable or fixed hoisting mechanism and traveling on an overhead, fixed runway structure.
Crane, power-operated
A crane whose mechanism is driven by electric, pneumatic, hydraulic, or internal combustion means.
Crane, semigantry
A gantry crane with one end of the bridge rigidly supported on one or more legs that run on a fixed rail or runway, the other end of the bridge being supported by an end truck running on an elevated rail or runway.
Crane service, normal
That service which involves operation with randomly distributed loads within the rated load limit, or with uniform loads of less than 65% of the rated load, for no more than 15% of the time of a single work shift for manually operated cranes and 25% of the time of a single work shift for electrically or pneumatically powered cranes.
Crane service, heavy
That service which involves operation within the rated load limit which exceeds normal service.
 
Crane service, severe
That service which involves normal or heavy service with abnormal operating conditions.
 
Crane service, standby
A crane which is not regular service but which is used occasionally or intermittently as required.

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D
Design factor
The ratio of the average ultimate material strength to the static stress calculated at rated load as applied to hoist load carrying components.
Designated
Selected or assigned by the employer or the employer’s representative as being competent to perform specific duties.
Dial-fit collar
A metallic device used with CM Series 632 trolleys to allow adjustment of the trolley to various beam sizes by selecting a collar position appropriate for the specific beam.
Drift point
A point on a travel motion master switch or on a manual controller that maintains the brake released while the motor is not energized. This allows for coasting.
Dual braking system
A device which incorporates a primary brake and a backup or secondary brake.
Duty cycle
Expresses a powered device’s capability, determined by load, rate and number of motor activations. Through heat generation, these factors limit the operating capability of the device.

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E
Electrification
The method of power distribution used to connect a device, such as a hoist, to its electric source.
End effector
A below-the-hook lifting device specifically adapted for a special application or load.
End truck
An assembly consisting of the frame and wheels which support a crane girder and allow movement along a runway; used in pairs.
Ergonomics
The study of the human and machine interface.

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F
Festoon systems
Electrical cable support system that allows cords to move with the hoist/trolley/crane without fouling
Float
A seemingly weightless condition associated with tool and load balancers.

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G
Guide, chain
A means to guide the load chain at the load sprocket.

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H
Hand chain
The hoist chain grasped by a person to apply the force required for the lifting or the lowering of a load; also used to apply the operating force to move geared trolleys along the beam.
Hazardous (classified) locations
Locations where fire or explosion hazards may exist. Locations are classified depending on the properties of the flammable vapors, liquids or gases, or combustible dusts or fibers which may be present and the likelihood that a flammable or combustible concentration or quantity is present.
Class 1 locations
Locations in which flammable gases or vapors are or may be present in the air in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures.
Class 2 locations
Locations that are hazardous because of the presence of combustible dust.
Class 3 locations
Locations that are hazardous because of the presence of easily ignitable fibers or flyings, but in which such fibers or flyings are not likely to be in suspension in the air quantities sufficient to produce ignitable mixtures.
Headroom
The distance between the bottom of the beam flange and the lower hook or the distance between the bearing surfaces of the upper and lower hooks at high hook position.
Helical gearing
A type of gearing which incorporates teeth cut at an angle to the gear face, which results in longer life and quiet operation.
HMI
Hoist Manufacturers Institute, a product section of the Material Handling Institute.
Hoist
A suspended machinery unit that is used for lifting and lowering a freely suspended (unguided) load; can be powered by hand, air or electricity; lifting medium either chain, wire rope or roller chain.
Hoist, auxiliary
A supplemental hoisting unit, usually of lower load rating and higher speed than the main hoist.
Hoist brake
An electrically activated device which, when deactivated, serves to stop hoist motion by friction.
Hoist motion
That motion which lifts or lowers a load.
Hoist repair stations
Facilities, with factory trained staff, strategically located throughout the U.S., which provide service and repair of CM products.
Hoistaloy load chain
A registered term for CM load chain.
Hook
Load transmitting component most frequently used in conjunction with chain and other equipment items.
Hook saddle (bowl)
Base of the hook to which the load or force is applied.

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I

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J
Jibs
Device utilized for maneuvering around work area obstructions. Available as either free standing, column mounted, portable or articulated.
Jib crane
A stationary or fixed crane that utilizes a cantilevered bridge (girder) supported from a stationary vertical support. The jib crane generally utilizes a lifting device (hoist) that is mounted on the horizontal boom (jib).

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K

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L
Latchlok hook
A self-locking hook with a throat opening that closes and locks when a load is applied. To open the hook, the lock button must be depressed.
Lever operated hoist
Hand-operated hoist used to pull, lift, drag or stretch loads. Features easy, one-hand operating and control.
Lifters
Operate under the crane hook and are offered in a variety of sizes and configurations. Included are c-hooks, crane forks, coil lifters, beams and sheet lifters.
Lifting clamp
Lifting device attached to a crane. The basic operation is the tensioning of grips placed in or around the cargo to be lifted.
 
Lifting devices
Devices which are not reeved onto the hoist rope or chain, such as hooks on buckets, magnets, grabs, and other supplemental devices used for ease of handling certain types of loads. The weight of these devices is to be considered part of the rated load.
Lifting hook
Load transmitting component most frequently used in conjunction with the hoist rope or chain, and other supplemental devices used for ease of handling certain types of loads.
 
Lifting speed (hoist)
The rate of motion that the load hook obtains while lifting a rated load.
Limit device
A device which is operated by some part or motion of a power driven hoist to limit motion.
Load
The total superimposed weight on the load block or hook.
Load block
The assembly of hook or shackle, swivel, bearing, sheaves, sprockets, pins, and frame suspended by the hoisting rope or load chain. This shall include any appurtenances reeved in the hoisting rope or load chain.
Load chain
The load-bearing chain in a hoist.
Load limiter
A device used to limit the load a hoist can lift to prevent gross overload of the hoist.
Load rated
The maximum load for which a hoist is designated by the manufacturer or qualified person.
Load suspension parts
The load suspension parts of the hoist are the means of suspension (hook or lug), the structure or housing which supports the drum or load sprocket, the rope or load chain, the sheaves or sprockets, and the load block or hook.
LodeRail
Compatible with electric chain hoists and pneumatic balancers, this overhead rail is ergonomically designed for ease of movement with minimum force required to position loads.
Low headroom
A design which strives to conserve headroom (the distance between the bottom of the beam flange and the lower hook at high hook position).
Lug mounted
A method of achieving low headroom by using a lug to attach a hoist to a trolley.

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M
Manipulator
A machine which functions to control a load or perform a task as guided by an operator.
Master parts depots
Strategically located U.S. facilities which inventory original CM hoist parts.
Material Handling
Material Handling is the movement, storage, control and protection of materials, goods and products throughout the process of manufacturing, distribution, consumption and disposal.  The focus is on the methods, mechanical equipment, systems and related controls used to achieve these functions. See also, Supply Chain, Supply Chain Management, Logistics and Third Party Logistics. Note that all of referenced terms are highly interrelated and their definitions are frequently intermingled.
 
Metric rated
Based on metric tons; 2205 lbs. = 1 metric ton.
MHI
Material Handling Institute.

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N
NEMA
National Electric Manufacturers Association.
NEMA 4
National Electric Manufacturers Association Standard No. 250, Type 4. Applies to enclosures intended for indoor or outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against windblown dust and rain, splashing water, and hose-directed water; undamaged by the formation of ice on the enclosure.
Normal operating conditions
Conditions during which a hoist is performing functions within the scope of the original design.

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O
Oblique lay liftwheel
A hoist liftwheel which carries the load chain at an approximate 45 angle, resulting in longer life, smoother operation and constant chain speed.
 
Overhead Crane
A crane with a single or multiple girder (bridge girder) bridge carrying a movable or fixed hoisting mechanism and traveling on an overhead fixed runway structure.
Overload
Any load greater than the rated capacity or working load.

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P
Parts (lines)
Number of lines of rope or chain supporting the load block or hook.
Pawl
A device used to hold machinery against undesired rotation by engaging a ratchet.
Pendant control station
Controls suspended from an electric hoist, air balancer or air hoist for operation from the floor.
Pneumatic
Containing air, especially air under pressure.
Power transmission parts
The machinery components including the gears, shafts, clutches, couplings, bearings, motors, and brakes.
Proof load
A specific load applied to chain or chain assemblies during a proof test, a non-destructive test carried out to a specific multiple of the working load limit.

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Q
Qualified person
A person who, by possession of a recognized degree or certificate of professional standing, or who, by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter and work.

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R
Rail sweep
A device attached to the crane and located in front of the crane’s leading wheels to push aside loose obstruction.
Ratchet
A toothed member for engagement with the pawl.
 
Ratchet binder
A toothed member for engagement with the pawl.
Rated capacity
The maximum load for which a hoist or other lifting device is designated by the manufacturer.
Reeving
A system in which a rope or chain travels around drums, sheaves or sprockets.
Reduction gearing
A set of gears comprised of more than one gear, the function of which is to reduce the amount of revolution from a numerically higher to lower value.
Regenerative braking
A method of controlling speed in which electrical energy generated by a motor is fed back into the power system.
Remote control
A method of controlling a hoist trolley, crane, etc., other than a pendant control station.
Runway
An assembly of rails, beams, girders, brackets, and framework on which the crane travels.

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S
Service, normal
That distributed service which involves operation with randomly distributed loads within the rated load limit, or uniform loads less than 65% of rated load for not more than 15% of the time for manually operated hoists, and 25% of the time for electric or air-powered hoists.
Service, heavy
That service which involves operation within the rated load limit which exceeds normal service.
Service, severe
That service which involves normal or heavy service with abnormal operating conditions.
Shackle
A u-shaped piece of metal secured with a pin or bolt across the opening, or a hinged metal loop secured with a quick-release locking pin mechanism.
Sheave
A grooved wheel or pulley used with a rope or chain to change direction and point of application of pulling force.
Side pull
The component of the hoist pull acting horizontally when the hoist lines are not operated vertically.
Span
The horizontal distance, center to center, between runway rails.
Sprocket, idler
A freely rotation device that changes the direction of the load chain.
Sprocket, load
A hoist component that transmits motion to the load chain. This component is sometimes called load wheel, load sheave, pocket wheel or chain wheel
Spur gear
A gear in which the teeth are cut parallel to the axis of rotation.
Stop
A device to limit travel of a trolley or crane bridge. This device normally is attached to a fixed structure and normally does not have energy absorbing ability.
Steel Chain
A flexible series of connected links used in various ways, especially for the transmission of motive power, for hoisting, and for securing or fastening.

 
Switch
A device for making, breaking, or changing the connections in an electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic circuit.
Switch, limit
A device that is actuated by the motion of a part of a power-driven machine or equipment to alter or disconnect the electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic circuit associated with the machine or equipment.

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T
Test stand
Designed to simulate “live” load testing on hoists. Thoroughly measures performance during inspection or after repair.
Throat opening
The dimension describing the maximum hook opening to accept the load.
Top running
To run on top of the bridge beams or runway beams.
Tractor
A trolley-like unit that incorporates a motor which drives against the bottom of the beam flange to provide motion.
Trolley
A carrier unit that travels on the bottom flange of a monorail track, jib boom or bridge girder to transport a load.
Trolley travel
The trolley movement in directions at right angles to the crane runway.

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U
Unattended
A condition in which the operator of a hoist is not at the operating control devices (pendant station or hand chain). However, if the control devices are within an unobstructed distance of 26 ft. (8.0 m) and within sight of the operator, the hoist should be considered attended.
Under hung
To ride on the lower flange of the runway beams or bridge beam.

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V

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W
Wheel, hand chain
A wheel with formed pockets on its periphery to allow torque to be transmitted when a force is applied to the hand chain.
Wire rope
A steel rope comprised of a core around which strands are arranged in distinct patterns. The strand patterns are numerically designated.
Working load limit
The maximum load to be applied in direct tension to a new and undamaged straight length of chain and chain attachments.

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X

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Y

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Z

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Hoists, Chain, and Forgings marketed under the CM brand are recognized for durability, reliability, and toughness. Powered and manual hoists are known for dependable operation and are widely accepted in practically any industry. Chain and forgings provide peace of mind to riggers and hauling professionals due to the stringent manufacturing and testing processes that the products must endure.

The following are trademarks of Columbus McKinnon Corporation registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office: CM, AirStar, Apollo, Big Orange, Cady, Clevlok, Conco, Cyclone, Hammerlok, Herc-Alloy, Herc-Alloy 800, Hoistaloy, Latchlok, Load Limiter, Lodestar, PiggyBack, Polaris, Powerstar, RailStar, Rigger, ShopStar, Valustar.

The following are trademarks of Columbus McKinnon Corporation: LodeRail, Positech, Protector.

 

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